Abstract
This article examines how actual remote-work patterns reshaped Dutch municipal job–home networks after the COVID-19 shock. It treats employment–residence relations as a spatial network and asks whether remote-work exposure changed commuting connections, employment and residential centrality, and the organisation of urban-regional labour markets.
The empirical design combines spatial difference-in-differences models with Bartik shift-share measures of teleworkability. Direct and spillover effects are estimated to distinguish local restructuring from changes transmitted through neighbouring and connected municipalities.
The paper contributes to debates on remote work by moving beyond individual commuting frequency and examining how flexible work reorganises the relational geography of employment and residence.